This lesson plan is designed according to the Nigerian National Curriculum for Senior Secondary Schools (SS 1) for the subject of Commerce.

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LESSON PLAN: TYPES OF CONTRACTS

Subject: Commerce
Topic: Business Law (Continuation)
Sub-Topic: Classification and Types of Contracts
Class: S.S. 1
Duration: 40 Minutes
Date: [Insert Date]

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1. BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define and distinguish between a Valid, Void, and Voidable contract.
2. Differentiate between Unilateral and Bilateral contracts.
3. Explain the difference between Express and Implied contracts.
4. Identify other forms of contracts such as Quasi, Executory, and Severable contracts.

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2. ENTRY BEHAVIOR (PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE)

Students are already familiar with the definition of a contract (a legally binding agreement) and the basic elements of a contract (Offer, Acceptance, Consideration, etc.) from the previous lesson.

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3. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

• Whiteboard and markers.
• Flashcards with names of different contracts.
• Real-life scenarios/case study handouts.
• The 1999 Constitution (Reference to Law of Contract).

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4. PRESENTATION

Step 1: Introduction (5 Minutes)

The teacher briefly reviews the definition of a contract.

• Question: "If I promise to give you my pen for 50 Naira and you agree, is that a contract?"
• Transition: "Today, we will look at the different forms these agreements take and which ones the Nigerian law actually recognizes."

Step 2: Classification by Validity/Enforceability (10 Minutes)

The teacher explains the "legal strength" of contracts:

1. Valid Contract: An agreement that satisfies all legal requirements and is binding on both parties.
2. Void Contract: A contract that has no legal effect from the start (e.g., a contract to perform an illegal act). It is dead on arrival.
3. Voidable Contract: An agreement that is binding but can be cancelled by one party (e.g., a contract entered into under duress or with a minor).
4. Illegal Contract: A contract that involves breaking the law (e.g., smuggling or drug trafficking). These are strictly forbidden.
5. Unenforceable Contract: A contract that is valid in substance but cannot be enforced in court due to a technicality (e.g., lack of a required written document or stamp duty).

Step 3: Classification by Mode of Formation (10 Minutes)

The teacher explains how contracts are created:

1. Written Contract: Terms are documented in writing and signed (Common in land sales or employment).
2. Oral Contract: An agreement made through spoken words (Common in local markets).
3. Express Contract: The terms are clearly stated in words (written or spoken).
4. Implied Contract: The terms are inferred from the conduct of the parties.
   • Example: Entering a "Danfo" or "Keke" implies you have agreed to pay the fare to your destination.
5. Quasi-Contract: Not a real contract, but created by the court to prevent one person from getting rich at the expense of another (Unjust Enrichment).

Step 4: Classification by Performance & Parties (10 Minutes)

1. Unilateral Contract: A "one-sided" promise. One party promises something if the other performs a task.
   • Example: Offering a reward for a lost bag.
2. Bilateral Contract: A "two-sided" promise. Both parties exchange promises (e.g., I promise to sell, you promise to buy).
3. Executory Contract: A contract where something still needs to be done in the future by one or both parties.
4. Severable Contract: A contract that consists of several independent parts. If one part is broken, the rest of the contract can still stand.

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5. EVALUATION (5 Minutes)

The teacher asks the following questions to test understanding:

1. What is the difference between a Void and a Voidable contract?
2. If you enter a restaurant and order a plate of Jollof rice, is that an Express or Implied contract? Explain.
3. Define a Unilateral contract with an example.
4. Why is an Illegal contract never enforceable in a Nigerian court?

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6. SUMMARY / CONCLUSION

The teacher summarizes the lesson by emphasizing that for a business person in Nigeria, understanding these types of contracts is essential to avoid financial loss and legal trouble. The teacher notes that while oral contracts are valid, written contracts are always safer for high-value business transactions.

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7. ASSIGNMENT

1. In your own words, explain why a contract with a minor (someone under 18) is usually considered Voidable.
2. List three types of contracts that must be in writing under Nigerian Law to be enforceable.
3. Explain the concept of Severability in a contract.

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TEACHER’S SELF-REFLECTION

(To be completed after the lesson)

• Did the students grasp the difference between Void and Voidable?
• Were the local examples (Danfo/Market) effective in explaining Implied contracts?