MID-TERM EXAMINATION REVISION NOTES

Subject: English Language
Class: JSS 2 (Grade 8)
Curriculum: Nigerian National Curriculum

---

1. GRAMMAR: THE TENSES (Present and Past Perfect)

In JSS 2, the focus shifts from simple tenses to more complex structures.

A. The Present Perfect Tense

This is used for actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past or started in the past and continue to the present.

• Formula: Has/Have + Past Participle (V3)
• Examples:
  • I have eaten my lunch.
  • She has lived in Lagos for ten years.
  • They have finished their assignment.

B. The Past Perfect Tense

This is used to show that one action happened before another action in the past.

• Formula: Had + Past Participle (V3)
• Examples:
  • The train had left before I arrived at the station.
  • The teacher had marked the scripts when the principal walked in.

---

2. PARTS OF SPEECH: ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS

A. Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

• Adverb of Manner: Tells us how (e.g., quickly, slowly, loudly).
  • Example: The boy shouted angrily.
• Adverb of Time: Tells us when (e.g., yesterday, soon, now).
  • Example: We will travel tomorrow.
• Adverb of Place: Tells us where (e.g., here, there, everywhere).
  • Example: Put the book there.

B. Conjunctions

These are joining words.

• Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS): For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.
  • Example: I wanted to go out, but it started raining.
• Subordinating Conjunctions: Because, although, since, unless.
  • Example: I stayed at home because I was ti